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Find the integral $\int\frac{2x-1}{\left(x^2-1\right)^2\left(x-6\right)}dx$

Step-by-step Solution

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Final Answer

$-\frac{4}{213}\ln\left(x-1\right)+\frac{27}{1594}\ln\left(x+1\right)+\frac{1}{20\left(-1+x\right)}+\frac{-3}{28\left(x+1\right)}+\frac{3}{334}\ln\left(x-6\right)+\frac{8}{297}\ln\left(\frac{1+x}{-1+x}\right)+C_0$
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Step-by-step Solution

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1

Rewrite the fraction $\frac{2x-1}{\left(x^2-1\right)^2\left(x-6\right)}$ in $3$ simpler fractions using partial fraction decomposition

$\frac{2x-1}{\left(x^2-1\right)^2\left(x-6\right)}=\frac{Ax+B}{\left(x^2-1\right)^2}+\frac{C}{x-6}+\frac{Dx+F}{x^2-1}$
2

Find the values for the unknown coefficients: $A, B, C, D, F$. The first step is to multiply both sides of the equation from the previous step by $\left(x^2-1\right)^2\left(x-6\right)$

$2x-1=\left(x^2-1\right)^2\left(x-6\right)\left(\frac{Ax+B}{\left(x^2-1\right)^2}+\frac{C}{x-6}+\frac{Dx+F}{x^2-1}\right)$
3

Multiplying polynomials

$2x-1=\frac{\left(x^2-1\right)^2\left(x-6\right)\left(Ax+B\right)}{\left(x^2-1\right)^2}+\frac{\left(x^2-1\right)^2\left(x-6\right)C}{x-6}+\frac{\left(x^2-1\right)^2\left(x-6\right)\left(Dx+F\right)}{x^2-1}$
4

Simplifying

$2x-1=\left(x-6\right)\left(Ax+B\right)+\left(x^2-1\right)^2C+\left(x^2-1\right)\left(x-6\right)\left(Dx+F\right)$
5

Assigning values to $x$ we obtain the following system of equations

$\begin{matrix}1=-5A-5B&\:\:\:\:\:\:\:(x=1) \\ -3=7A-7B&\:\:\:\:\:\:\:(x=-1) \\ 11=1225C&\:\:\:\:\:\:\:(x=6) \\ -13=72A-12B+1225C+2520D-420F&\:\:\:\:\:\:\:(x=-6) \\ 13=7A+B+2304C+336D+48F&\:\:\:\:\:\:\:(x=7)\end{matrix}$
6

Proceed to solve the system of linear equations

$\begin{matrix} -5A & - & 5B & + & 0C & + & 0D & + & 0F & =1 \\ 7A & - & 7B & + & 0C & + & 0D & + & 0F & =-3 \\ 0A & + & 0B & + & 1225C & + & 0D & + & 0F & =11 \\ 72A & - & 12B & + & 1225C & + & 2520D & - & 420F & =-13 \\ 7A & + & 1B & + & 2304C & + & 336D & + & 48F & =13\end{matrix}$
7

Rewrite as a coefficient matrix

$\left(\begin{matrix}-5 & -5 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 1 \\ 7 & -7 & 0 & 0 & 0 & -3 \\ 0 & 0 & 1225 & 0 & 0 & 11 \\ 72 & -12 & 1225 & 2520 & -420 & -13 \\ 7 & 1 & 2304 & 336 & 48 & 13\end{matrix}\right)$
8

Reducing the original matrix to a identity matrix using Gaussian Elimination

$\left(\begin{matrix}1 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & -\frac{11}{35} \\ 0 & 1 & 0 & 0 & 0 & \frac{4}{35} \\ 0 & 0 & 1 & 0 & 0 & \frac{3}{334} \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 1 & 0 & -\frac{3}{334} \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 1 & -\frac{16}{297}\end{matrix}\right)$
9

The integral of $\frac{2x-1}{\left(x^2-1\right)^2\left(x-6\right)}$ in decomposed fraction equals

$\int\left(\frac{-\frac{11}{35}x+\frac{4}{35}}{\left(x^2-1\right)^2}+\frac{\frac{3}{334}}{x-6}+\frac{-\frac{3}{334}x-\frac{16}{297}}{x^2-1}\right)dx$
10

Expand the integral $\int\left(\frac{-\frac{11}{35}x+\frac{4}{35}}{\left(x^2-1\right)^2}+\frac{\frac{3}{334}}{x-6}+\frac{-\frac{3}{334}x-\frac{16}{297}}{x^2-1}\right)dx$ into $3$ integrals using the sum rule for integrals, to then solve each integral separately

$\int\frac{-\frac{11}{35}x+\frac{4}{35}}{\left(x^2-1\right)^2}dx+\int\frac{\frac{3}{334}}{x-6}dx+\int\frac{-\frac{3}{334}x-\frac{16}{297}}{x^2-1}dx$
11

We can solve the integral $\int\frac{\frac{3}{334}}{x-6}dx$ by applying integration by substitution method (also called U-Substitution). First, we must identify a section within the integral with a new variable (let's call it $u$), which when substituted makes the integral easier. We see that $x-6$ it's a good candidate for substitution. Let's define a variable $u$ and assign it to the choosen part

$u=x-6$
12

Now, in order to rewrite $dx$ in terms of $du$, we need to find the derivative of $u$. We need to calculate $du$, we can do that by deriving the equation above

$du=dx$
13

Substituting $u$ and $dx$ in the integral and simplify

$\int\frac{-\frac{11}{35}x+\frac{4}{35}}{\left(x^2-1\right)^2}dx+\int\frac{\frac{3}{334}}{u}du+\int\frac{-\frac{3}{334}x-\frac{16}{297}}{x^2-1}dx$
14

The integral $\int\frac{-\frac{11}{35}x+\frac{4}{35}}{\left(x^2-1\right)^2}dx$ results in: $\int\frac{-\frac{11}{35}x+\frac{4}{35}}{\left(x+1\right)^2\left(x-1\right)^2}dx$

$\int\frac{-\frac{11}{35}x+\frac{4}{35}}{\left(x+1\right)^2\left(x-1\right)^2}dx$
15

The integral $\int\frac{\frac{3}{334}}{u}du$ results in: $\frac{3}{334}\ln\left(x-6\right)$

$\frac{3}{334}\ln\left(x-6\right)$
16

The integral $\int\frac{-\frac{3}{334}x-\frac{16}{297}}{x^2-1}dx$ results in: $-\frac{3}{334}\int\frac{x}{\left(x+1\right)\left(x-1\right)}dx+\frac{8}{297}\ln\left(\frac{1+x}{-1+x}\right)$

$-\frac{3}{334}\int\frac{x}{\left(x+1\right)\left(x-1\right)}dx+\frac{8}{297}\ln\left(\frac{1+x}{-1+x}\right)$
17

Gather the results of all integrals

$\int\frac{-\frac{11}{35}x+\frac{4}{35}}{\left(x+1\right)^2\left(x-1\right)^2}dx+\frac{3}{334}\ln\left(x-6\right)+\frac{8}{297}\ln\left(\frac{1+x}{-1+x}\right)-\frac{3}{334}\int\frac{x}{\left(x+1\right)\left(x-1\right)}dx$
18

We can solve the integral $\int\frac{-\frac{11}{35}x+\frac{4}{35}}{\left(x+1\right)^2\left(x-1\right)^2}dx$ by applying integration by substitution method (also called U-Substitution). First, we must identify a section within the integral with a new variable (let's call it $u$), which when substituted makes the integral easier. We see that $x+1$ it's a good candidate for substitution. Let's define a variable $u$ and assign it to the choosen part

$u=x+1$
19

Now, in order to rewrite $dx$ in terms of $du$, we need to find the derivative of $u$. We need to calculate $du$, we can do that by deriving the equation above

$du=dx$
20

Rewriting $x$ in terms of $u$

$x=u-1$
21

Substituting $u$, $dx$ and $x$ in the integral and simplify

$\int\frac{\frac{3}{7}-\frac{11}{35}u}{u^2\left(-2+u\right)^2}du+\frac{3}{334}\ln\left(x-6\right)+\frac{8}{297}\ln\left(\frac{1+x}{-1+x}\right)-\frac{3}{334}\int\frac{x}{\left(x+1\right)\left(x-1\right)}dx$
22

The integral $\int\frac{\frac{3}{7}-\frac{11}{35}u}{u^2\left(-2+u\right)^2}du$ results in: $\frac{-3}{28\left(x+1\right)}+\frac{1}{20\left(-2+x+1\right)}+\frac{3}{140}\ln\left(x+1\right)-\frac{1}{70}\ln\left(x+1-2\right)$

$\frac{-3}{28\left(x+1\right)}+\frac{1}{20\left(-2+x+1\right)}+\frac{3}{140}\ln\left(x+1\right)-\frac{1}{70}\ln\left(x+1-2\right)$
23

Gather the results of all integrals

$-\frac{1}{70}\ln\left(x+1-2\right)+\frac{3}{140}\ln\left(x+1\right)+\frac{1}{20\left(-2+x+1\right)}+\frac{-3}{28\left(x+1\right)}+\frac{3}{334}\ln\left(x-6\right)+\frac{8}{297}\ln\left(\frac{1+x}{-1+x}\right)-\frac{3}{334}\int\frac{x}{\left(x+1\right)\left(x-1\right)}dx$
24

Subtract the values $1$ and $-2$

$-\frac{1}{70}\ln\left(-1+x\right)+\frac{3}{140}\ln\left(x+1\right)+\frac{1}{20\left(-2+x+1\right)}+\frac{-3}{28\left(x+1\right)}+\frac{3}{334}\ln\left(x-6\right)+\frac{8}{297}\ln\left(\frac{1+x}{-1+x}\right)-\frac{3}{334}\int\frac{x}{\left(x+1\right)\left(x-1\right)}dx$
25

Add the values $-2$ and $1$

$-\frac{1}{70}\ln\left(-1+x\right)+\frac{3}{140}\ln\left(x+1\right)+\frac{1}{20\left(-1+x\right)}+\frac{-3}{28\left(x+1\right)}+\frac{3}{334}\ln\left(x-6\right)+\frac{8}{297}\ln\left(\frac{1+x}{-1+x}\right)-\frac{3}{334}\int\frac{x}{\left(x+1\right)\left(x-1\right)}dx$
26

The integral $-\frac{3}{334}\int\frac{x}{\left(x+1\right)\left(x-1\right)}dx$ results in: $-\frac{1}{223}\ln\left(x+1\right)-\frac{1}{223}\ln\left(x-1\right)$

$-\frac{1}{223}\ln\left(x+1\right)-\frac{1}{223}\ln\left(x-1\right)$
27

Gather the results of all integrals

$-\frac{1}{70}\ln\left(-1+x\right)+\frac{3}{140}\ln\left(x+1\right)+\frac{1}{20\left(-1+x\right)}+\frac{-3}{28\left(x+1\right)}+\frac{3}{334}\ln\left(x-6\right)+\frac{8}{297}\ln\left(\frac{1+x}{-1+x}\right)-\frac{1}{223}\ln\left(x-1\right)-\frac{1}{223}\ln\left(x+1\right)$
28

Combining like terms $-\frac{1}{70}\ln\left(-1+x\right)$ and $-\frac{1}{223}\ln\left(x-1\right)$

$-\frac{4}{213}\ln\left(x-1\right)+\frac{3}{140}\ln\left(x+1\right)+\frac{1}{20\left(-1+x\right)}+\frac{-3}{28\left(x+1\right)}+\frac{3}{334}\ln\left(x-6\right)+\frac{8}{297}\ln\left(\frac{1+x}{-1+x}\right)-\frac{1}{223}\ln\left(x+1\right)$
29

Combining like terms $\frac{3}{140}\ln\left(x+1\right)$ and $-\frac{1}{223}\ln\left(x+1\right)$

$-\frac{4}{213}\ln\left(x-1\right)+\frac{27}{1594}\ln\left(x+1\right)+\frac{1}{20\left(-1+x\right)}+\frac{-3}{28\left(x+1\right)}+\frac{3}{334}\ln\left(x-6\right)+\frac{8}{297}\ln\left(\frac{1+x}{-1+x}\right)$
30

As the integral that we are solving is an indefinite integral, when we finish integrating we must add the constant of integration $C$

$-\frac{4}{213}\ln\left(x-1\right)+\frac{27}{1594}\ln\left(x+1\right)+\frac{1}{20\left(-1+x\right)}+\frac{-3}{28\left(x+1\right)}+\frac{3}{334}\ln\left(x-6\right)+\frac{8}{297}\ln\left(\frac{1+x}{-1+x}\right)+C_0$

Final Answer

$-\frac{4}{213}\ln\left(x-1\right)+\frac{27}{1594}\ln\left(x+1\right)+\frac{1}{20\left(-1+x\right)}+\frac{-3}{28\left(x+1\right)}+\frac{3}{334}\ln\left(x-6\right)+\frac{8}{297}\ln\left(\frac{1+x}{-1+x}\right)+C_0$

Explore different ways to solve this problem

Solving a math problem using different methods is important because it enhances understanding, encourages critical thinking, allows for multiple solutions, and develops problem-solving strategies. Read more

Solve integral of ((2x-1)/(x^2-1)^2(x-6))dx using partial fractionsSolve integral of ((2x-1)/(x^2-1)^2(x-6))dx using basic integralsSolve integral of ((2x-1)/(x^2-1)^2(x-6))dx using u-substitutionSolve integral of ((2x-1)/(x^2-1)^2(x-6))dx using trigonometric substitution

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Function Plot

Plotting: $-\frac{4}{213}\ln\left(x-1\right)+\frac{27}{1594}\ln\left(x+1\right)+\frac{1}{20\left(-1+x\right)}+\frac{-3}{28\left(x+1\right)}+\frac{3}{334}\ln\left(x-6\right)+\frac{8}{297}\ln\left(\frac{1+x}{-1+x}\right)+C_0$

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Main Topic: Integrals by Partial Fraction Expansion

The partial fraction decomposition or partial fraction expansion of a rational function is the operation that consists in expressing the fraction as a sum of a polynomial (possibly zero) and one or several fractions with a simpler denominator.

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