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1

Solved example of binomial theorem

$\left(x+3\right)^5$
2

We can expand the expression $\left(x+3\right)^5$ using Newton's binomial theorem, which is a formula that allow us to find the expanded form of a binomial raised to a positive integer $n$. The formula is as follows: $\displaystyle(a\pm b)^n=\sum_{k=0}^{n}\left(\begin{matrix}n\\k\end{matrix}\right)a^{n-k}b^k=\left(\begin{matrix}n\\0\end{matrix}\right)a^n\pm\left(\begin{matrix}n\\1\end{matrix}\right)a^{n-1}b+\left(\begin{matrix}n\\2\end{matrix}\right)a^{n-2}b^2\pm\dots\pm\left(\begin{matrix}n\\n\end{matrix}\right)b^n$. The number of terms resulting from the expansion always equals $n + 1$. The coefficients $\left(\begin{matrix}n\\k\end{matrix}\right)$ are combinatorial numbers which correspond to the nth row of the Tartaglia triangle (or Pascal's triangle). In the formula, we can observe that the exponent of $a$ decreases, from $n$ to $0$, while the exponent of $b$ increases, from $0$ to $n$. If one of the binomial terms is negative, the positive and negative signs alternate.

$\left(\begin{matrix}5\\0\end{matrix}\right)x^{5}3^{0}+\left(\begin{matrix}5\\1\end{matrix}\right)\cdot 3x^{4}+\left(\begin{matrix}5\\2\end{matrix}\right)x^{3}3^{2}+\left(\begin{matrix}5\\3\end{matrix}\right)x^{2}3^{3}+\left(\begin{matrix}5\\4\end{matrix}\right)x^{1}3^{4}+\left(\begin{matrix}5\\5\end{matrix}\right)x^{0}3^{5}$
3

Calculate the power $3^{0}$

$\left(\begin{matrix}5\\0\end{matrix}\right)\cdot 1x^{5}+\left(\begin{matrix}5\\1\end{matrix}\right)\cdot 3x^{4}+\left(\begin{matrix}5\\2\end{matrix}\right)x^{3}3^{2}+\left(\begin{matrix}5\\3\end{matrix}\right)x^{2}3^{3}+\left(\begin{matrix}5\\4\end{matrix}\right)x^{1}3^{4}+\left(\begin{matrix}5\\5\end{matrix}\right)x^{0}3^{5}$

4

Calculate the power $3^{2}$

$\left(\begin{matrix}5\\0\end{matrix}\right)\cdot 1x^{5}+\left(\begin{matrix}5\\1\end{matrix}\right)\cdot 3x^{4}+\left(\begin{matrix}5\\2\end{matrix}\right)\cdot 9x^{3}+\left(\begin{matrix}5\\3\end{matrix}\right)x^{2}3^{3}+\left(\begin{matrix}5\\4\end{matrix}\right)x^{1}3^{4}+\left(\begin{matrix}5\\5\end{matrix}\right)x^{0}3^{5}$
5

Calculate the power $3^{3}$

$\left(\begin{matrix}5\\0\end{matrix}\right)\cdot 1x^{5}+\left(\begin{matrix}5\\1\end{matrix}\right)\cdot 3x^{4}+\left(\begin{matrix}5\\2\end{matrix}\right)\cdot 9x^{3}+\left(\begin{matrix}5\\3\end{matrix}\right)\cdot 27x^{2}+\left(\begin{matrix}5\\4\end{matrix}\right)x^{1}3^{4}+\left(\begin{matrix}5\\5\end{matrix}\right)x^{0}3^{5}$
6

Calculate the power $3^{4}$

$\left(\begin{matrix}5\\0\end{matrix}\right)\cdot 1x^{5}+\left(\begin{matrix}5\\1\end{matrix}\right)\cdot 3x^{4}+\left(\begin{matrix}5\\2\end{matrix}\right)\cdot 9x^{3}+\left(\begin{matrix}5\\3\end{matrix}\right)\cdot 27x^{2}+\left(\begin{matrix}5\\4\end{matrix}\right)\cdot 81x^{1}+\left(\begin{matrix}5\\5\end{matrix}\right)x^{0}3^{5}$
7

Calculate the power $3^{5}$

$\left(\begin{matrix}5\\0\end{matrix}\right)\cdot 1x^{5}+\left(\begin{matrix}5\\1\end{matrix}\right)\cdot 3x^{4}+\left(\begin{matrix}5\\2\end{matrix}\right)\cdot 9x^{3}+\left(\begin{matrix}5\\3\end{matrix}\right)\cdot 27x^{2}+\left(\begin{matrix}5\\4\end{matrix}\right)\cdot 81x^{1}+\left(\begin{matrix}5\\5\end{matrix}\right)\cdot 243x^{0}$
8

Any expression to the power of $1$ is equal to that same expression

$\left(\begin{matrix}5\\0\end{matrix}\right)\cdot 1x^{5}+\left(\begin{matrix}5\\1\end{matrix}\right)\cdot 3x^{4}+\left(\begin{matrix}5\\2\end{matrix}\right)\cdot 9x^{3}+\left(\begin{matrix}5\\3\end{matrix}\right)\cdot 27x^{2}+\left(\begin{matrix}5\\4\end{matrix}\right)\cdot 81x+\left(\begin{matrix}5\\5\end{matrix}\right)\cdot 243x^{0}$
9

Any expression multiplied by $1$ is equal to itself

$\left(\begin{matrix}5\\0\end{matrix}\right)x^{5}+\left(\begin{matrix}5\\1\end{matrix}\right)\cdot 3x^{4}+\left(\begin{matrix}5\\2\end{matrix}\right)\cdot 9x^{3}+\left(\begin{matrix}5\\3\end{matrix}\right)\cdot 27x^{2}+\left(\begin{matrix}5\\4\end{matrix}\right)\cdot 81x+\left(\begin{matrix}5\\5\end{matrix}\right)\cdot 243x^{0}$
10

Any expression (except $0$ and $\infty$) to the power of $0$ is equal to $1$

$\left(\begin{matrix}5\\0\end{matrix}\right)x^{5}+\left(\begin{matrix}5\\1\end{matrix}\right)\cdot 3x^{4}+\left(\begin{matrix}5\\2\end{matrix}\right)\cdot 9x^{3}+\left(\begin{matrix}5\\3\end{matrix}\right)\cdot 27x^{2}+\left(\begin{matrix}5\\4\end{matrix}\right)\cdot 81x+\left(\begin{matrix}5\\5\end{matrix}\right)\cdot 1\cdot 243$
11

Multiply $1$ times $243$

$\left(\begin{matrix}5\\0\end{matrix}\right)x^{5}+\left(\begin{matrix}5\\1\end{matrix}\right)\cdot 3x^{4}+\left(\begin{matrix}5\\2\end{matrix}\right)\cdot 9x^{3}+\left(\begin{matrix}5\\3\end{matrix}\right)\cdot 27x^{2}+\left(\begin{matrix}5\\4\end{matrix}\right)\cdot 81x+243\cdot \left(\begin{matrix}5\\5\end{matrix}\right)$
12

Calculate the binomial coefficient $\left(\begin{matrix}5\\0\end{matrix}\right)$ applying the formula: $\left(\begin{matrix}n\\k\end{matrix}\right)=\frac{n!}{k!(n-k)!}$

$x^{5}\frac{5!}{\left(0!\right)\left(5!\right)}+\left(\begin{matrix}5\\1\end{matrix}\right)\cdot 3x^{4}+\left(\begin{matrix}5\\2\end{matrix}\right)\cdot 9x^{3}+\left(\begin{matrix}5\\3\end{matrix}\right)\cdot 27x^{2}+\left(\begin{matrix}5\\4\end{matrix}\right)\cdot 81x+243\cdot \left(\begin{matrix}5\\5\end{matrix}\right)$
13

Calculate the binomial coefficient $\left(\begin{matrix}5\\1\end{matrix}\right)$ applying the formula: $\left(\begin{matrix}n\\k\end{matrix}\right)=\frac{n!}{k!(n-k)!}$

$x^{5}\frac{5!}{\left(0!\right)\left(5!\right)}+3x^{4}\frac{5!}{\left(1!\right)\left(4!\right)}+\left(\begin{matrix}5\\2\end{matrix}\right)\cdot 9x^{3}+\left(\begin{matrix}5\\3\end{matrix}\right)\cdot 27x^{2}+\left(\begin{matrix}5\\4\end{matrix}\right)\cdot 81x+243\cdot \left(\begin{matrix}5\\5\end{matrix}\right)$
14

Calculate the binomial coefficient $\left(\begin{matrix}5\\2\end{matrix}\right)$ applying the formula: $\left(\begin{matrix}n\\k\end{matrix}\right)=\frac{n!}{k!(n-k)!}$

$x^{5}\frac{5!}{\left(0!\right)\left(5!\right)}+3x^{4}\frac{5!}{\left(1!\right)\left(4!\right)}+9x^{3}\frac{5!}{\left(2!\right)\left(3!\right)}+\left(\begin{matrix}5\\3\end{matrix}\right)\cdot 27x^{2}+\left(\begin{matrix}5\\4\end{matrix}\right)\cdot 81x+243\cdot \left(\begin{matrix}5\\5\end{matrix}\right)$
15

Calculate the binomial coefficient $\left(\begin{matrix}5\\3\end{matrix}\right)$ applying the formula: $\left(\begin{matrix}n\\k\end{matrix}\right)=\frac{n!}{k!(n-k)!}$

$x^{5}\frac{5!}{\left(0!\right)\left(5!\right)}+3x^{4}\frac{5!}{\left(1!\right)\left(4!\right)}+9x^{3}\frac{5!}{\left(2!\right)\left(3!\right)}+27x^{2}\frac{5!}{\left(3!\right)\left(2!\right)}+\left(\begin{matrix}5\\4\end{matrix}\right)\cdot 81x+243\cdot \left(\begin{matrix}5\\5\end{matrix}\right)$
16

Calculate the binomial coefficient $\left(\begin{matrix}5\\4\end{matrix}\right)$ applying the formula: $\left(\begin{matrix}n\\k\end{matrix}\right)=\frac{n!}{k!(n-k)!}$

$x^{5}\frac{5!}{\left(0!\right)\left(5!\right)}+3x^{4}\frac{5!}{\left(1!\right)\left(4!\right)}+9x^{3}\frac{5!}{\left(2!\right)\left(3!\right)}+27x^{2}\frac{5!}{\left(3!\right)\left(2!\right)}+81x\frac{5!}{\left(4!\right)\left(1!\right)}+243\cdot \left(\begin{matrix}5\\5\end{matrix}\right)$
17

Calculate the binomial coefficient $\left(\begin{matrix}5\\5\end{matrix}\right)$ applying the formula: $\left(\begin{matrix}n\\k\end{matrix}\right)=\frac{n!}{k!(n-k)!}$

$x^{5}\frac{5!}{\left(0!\right)\left(5!\right)}+3x^{4}\frac{5!}{\left(1!\right)\left(4!\right)}+9x^{3}\frac{5!}{\left(2!\right)\left(3!\right)}+27x^{2}\frac{5!}{\left(3!\right)\left(2!\right)}+81x\frac{5!}{\left(4!\right)\left(1!\right)}+243\left(\frac{5!}{\left(5!\right)\left(0!\right)}\right)$
18

Simplify the fraction $\frac{5!}{\left(0!\right)\left(5!\right)}$ by $5!$

$x^{5}\frac{1}{0!}+3x^{4}\frac{5!}{\left(1!\right)\left(4!\right)}+9x^{3}\frac{5!}{\left(2!\right)\left(3!\right)}+27x^{2}\frac{5!}{\left(3!\right)\left(2!\right)}+81x\frac{5!}{\left(4!\right)\left(1!\right)}+243\left(\frac{5!}{\left(5!\right)\left(0!\right)}\right)$
19

Simplify the fraction $\frac{5!}{\left(5!\right)\left(0!\right)}$ by $5!$

$x^{5}\frac{1}{0!}+3x^{4}\frac{5!}{\left(1!\right)\left(4!\right)}+9x^{3}\frac{5!}{\left(2!\right)\left(3!\right)}+27x^{2}\frac{5!}{\left(3!\right)\left(2!\right)}+81x\frac{5!}{\left(4!\right)\left(1!\right)}+243\left(\frac{1}{0!}\right)$
20

Multiply the fraction and term

$\frac{x^{5}}{0!}+3x^{4}\frac{5!}{\left(1!\right)\left(4!\right)}+9x^{3}\frac{5!}{\left(2!\right)\left(3!\right)}+27x^{2}\frac{5!}{\left(3!\right)\left(2!\right)}+81x\frac{5!}{\left(4!\right)\left(1!\right)}+243\left(\frac{1}{0!}\right)$
21

Multiply the fraction and term

$\frac{x^{5}}{0!}+3x^{4}\frac{5!}{\left(1!\right)\left(4!\right)}+9x^{3}\frac{5!}{\left(2!\right)\left(3!\right)}+27x^{2}\frac{5!}{\left(3!\right)\left(2!\right)}+81x\frac{5!}{\left(4!\right)\left(1!\right)}+\frac{243}{0!}$
22

Multiplying the fraction by $3x^{4}$

$\frac{x^{5}}{0!}+\frac{3\left(5!\right)\left(x^{4}\right)}{\left(1!\right)\left(4!\right)}+9x^{3}\frac{5!}{\left(2!\right)\left(3!\right)}+27x^{2}\frac{5!}{\left(3!\right)\left(2!\right)}+81x\frac{5!}{\left(4!\right)\left(1!\right)}+\frac{243}{0!}$
23

Multiplying the fraction by $9x^{3}$

$\frac{x^{5}}{0!}+\frac{3\left(5!\right)\left(x^{4}\right)}{\left(1!\right)\left(4!\right)}+\frac{9\left(5!\right)\left(x^{3}\right)}{\left(2!\right)\left(3!\right)}+27x^{2}\frac{5!}{\left(3!\right)\left(2!\right)}+81x\frac{5!}{\left(4!\right)\left(1!\right)}+\frac{243}{0!}$
24

Multiplying the fraction by $27x^{2}$

$\frac{x^{5}}{0!}+\frac{3\left(5!\right)\left(x^{4}\right)}{\left(1!\right)\left(4!\right)}+\frac{9\left(5!\right)\left(x^{3}\right)}{\left(2!\right)\left(3!\right)}+\frac{27\left(5!\right)\left(x^{2}\right)}{\left(3!\right)\left(2!\right)}+81x\frac{5!}{\left(4!\right)\left(1!\right)}+\frac{243}{0!}$
25

Multiplying the fraction by $81x$

$\frac{x^{5}}{0!}+\frac{3\left(5!\right)\left(x^{4}\right)}{\left(1!\right)\left(4!\right)}+\frac{9\left(5!\right)\left(x^{3}\right)}{\left(2!\right)\left(3!\right)}+\frac{27\left(5!\right)\left(x^{2}\right)}{\left(3!\right)\left(2!\right)}+\frac{81x\left(5!\right)}{\left(4!\right)\left(1!\right)}+\frac{243}{0!}$
26

The factorial of $0$ is $1$

$\frac{x^{5}}{1}+\frac{3\left(5!\right)\left(x^{4}\right)}{\left(1!\right)\left(4!\right)}+\frac{9\left(5!\right)\left(x^{3}\right)}{\left(2!\right)\left(3!\right)}+\frac{27\left(5!\right)\left(x^{2}\right)}{\left(3!\right)\left(2!\right)}+\frac{81x\left(5!\right)}{\left(4!\right)\left(1!\right)}+\frac{243}{0!}$
27

The factorial of $1$ is $1$

$\frac{x^{5}}{1}+\frac{3\left(5!\right)\left(x^{4}\right)}{1\left(4!\right)}+\frac{9\left(5!\right)\left(x^{3}\right)}{\left(2!\right)\left(3!\right)}+\frac{27\left(5!\right)\left(x^{2}\right)}{\left(3!\right)\left(2!\right)}+\frac{81x\left(5!\right)}{\left(4!\right)\left(1!\right)}+\frac{243}{0!}$
28

The factorial of $4$ is $24$

$\frac{x^{5}}{1}+\frac{3\left(5!\right)\left(x^{4}\right)}{1\cdot 24}+\frac{9\left(5!\right)\left(x^{3}\right)}{\left(2!\right)\left(3!\right)}+\frac{27\left(5!\right)\left(x^{2}\right)}{\left(3!\right)\left(2!\right)}+\frac{81x\left(5!\right)}{\left(4!\right)\left(1!\right)}+\frac{243}{0!}$
29

The factorial of $5$ is $120$

$\frac{x^{5}}{1}+\frac{120\cdot 3x^{4}}{1\cdot 24}+\frac{9\left(5!\right)\left(x^{3}\right)}{\left(2!\right)\left(3!\right)}+\frac{27\left(5!\right)\left(x^{2}\right)}{\left(3!\right)\left(2!\right)}+\frac{81x\left(5!\right)}{\left(4!\right)\left(1!\right)}+\frac{243}{0!}$
30

The factorial of $2$ is $2$

$\frac{x^{5}}{1}+\frac{120\cdot 3x^{4}}{1\cdot 24}+\frac{9\left(5!\right)\left(x^{3}\right)}{2\left(3!\right)}+\frac{27\left(5!\right)\left(x^{2}\right)}{\left(3!\right)\left(2!\right)}+\frac{81x\left(5!\right)}{\left(4!\right)\left(1!\right)}+\frac{243}{0!}$
31

The factorial of $3$ is $6$

$\frac{x^{5}}{1}+\frac{120\cdot 3x^{4}}{1\cdot 24}+\frac{9\left(5!\right)\left(x^{3}\right)}{2\cdot 6}+\frac{27\left(5!\right)\left(x^{2}\right)}{\left(3!\right)\left(2!\right)}+\frac{81x\left(5!\right)}{\left(4!\right)\left(1!\right)}+\frac{243}{0!}$
32

The factorial of $5$ is $120$

$\frac{x^{5}}{1}+\frac{120\cdot 3x^{4}}{1\cdot 24}+\frac{120\cdot 9x^{3}}{2\cdot 6}+\frac{27\left(5!\right)\left(x^{2}\right)}{\left(3!\right)\left(2!\right)}+\frac{81x\left(5!\right)}{\left(4!\right)\left(1!\right)}+\frac{243}{0!}$
33

The factorial of $3$ is $6$

$\frac{x^{5}}{1}+\frac{120\cdot 3x^{4}}{1\cdot 24}+\frac{120\cdot 9x^{3}}{2\cdot 6}+\frac{27\left(5!\right)\left(x^{2}\right)}{6\left(2!\right)}+\frac{81x\left(5!\right)}{\left(4!\right)\left(1!\right)}+\frac{243}{0!}$
34

The factorial of $2$ is $2$

$\frac{x^{5}}{1}+\frac{120\cdot 3x^{4}}{1\cdot 24}+\frac{120\cdot 9x^{3}}{2\cdot 6}+\frac{27\left(5!\right)\left(x^{2}\right)}{6\cdot 2}+\frac{81x\left(5!\right)}{\left(4!\right)\left(1!\right)}+\frac{243}{0!}$
35

The factorial of $5$ is $120$

$\frac{x^{5}}{1}+\frac{120\cdot 3x^{4}}{1\cdot 24}+\frac{120\cdot 9x^{3}}{2\cdot 6}+\frac{120\cdot 27x^{2}}{6\cdot 2}+\frac{81x\left(5!\right)}{\left(4!\right)\left(1!\right)}+\frac{243}{0!}$
36

Multiply $1$ times $24$

$\frac{x^{5}}{1}+\frac{120\cdot 3x^{4}}{24}+\frac{120\cdot 9x^{3}}{2\cdot 6}+\frac{120\cdot 27x^{2}}{6\cdot 2}+\frac{81x\left(5!\right)}{\left(4!\right)\left(1!\right)}+\frac{243}{0!}$
37

Multiply $120$ times $3$

$\frac{x^{5}}{1}+\frac{360x^{4}}{24}+\frac{120\cdot 9x^{3}}{2\cdot 6}+\frac{120\cdot 27x^{2}}{6\cdot 2}+\frac{81x\left(5!\right)}{\left(4!\right)\left(1!\right)}+\frac{243}{0!}$
38

Multiply $2$ times $6$

$\frac{x^{5}}{1}+\frac{360x^{4}}{24}+\frac{120\cdot 9x^{3}}{12}+\frac{120\cdot 27x^{2}}{6\cdot 2}+\frac{81x\left(5!\right)}{\left(4!\right)\left(1!\right)}+\frac{243}{0!}$
39

Multiply $120$ times $9$

$\frac{x^{5}}{1}+\frac{360x^{4}}{24}+\frac{1080x^{3}}{12}+\frac{120\cdot 27x^{2}}{6\cdot 2}+\frac{81x\left(5!\right)}{\left(4!\right)\left(1!\right)}+\frac{243}{0!}$
40

Multiply $6$ times $2$

$\frac{x^{5}}{1}+\frac{360x^{4}}{24}+\frac{1080x^{3}}{12}+\frac{120\cdot 27x^{2}}{12}+\frac{81x\left(5!\right)}{\left(4!\right)\left(1!\right)}+\frac{243}{0!}$
41

Multiply $120$ times $27$

$\frac{x^{5}}{1}+\frac{360x^{4}}{24}+\frac{1080x^{3}}{12}+\frac{3240x^{2}}{12}+\frac{81x\left(5!\right)}{\left(4!\right)\left(1!\right)}+\frac{243}{0!}$
42

Any expression divided by one ($1$) is equal to that same expression

$x^{5}+15x^{4}+90x^{3}+270x^{2}+\frac{81x\left(5!\right)}{\left(4!\right)\left(1!\right)}+\frac{243}{0!}$
43

The factorial of $4$ is $24$

$x^{5}+15x^{4}+90x^{3}+270x^{2}+\frac{81x\left(5!\right)}{24\left(1!\right)}+\frac{243}{0!}$
44

The factorial of $1$ is $1$

$x^{5}+15x^{4}+90x^{3}+270x^{2}+\frac{81x\left(5!\right)}{24\cdot 1}+\frac{243}{0!}$
45

The factorial of $5$ is $120$

$x^{5}+15x^{4}+90x^{3}+270x^{2}+\frac{120\cdot 81x}{24\cdot 1}+\frac{243}{0!}$
46

The factorial of $0$ is $1$

$x^{5}+15x^{4}+90x^{3}+270x^{2}+\frac{120\cdot 81x}{24\cdot 1}+\frac{243}{1}$
47

Multiply $24$ times $1$

$x^{5}+15x^{4}+90x^{3}+270x^{2}+\frac{120\cdot 81x}{24}+\frac{243}{1}$
48

Multiply $120$ times $81$

$x^{5}+15x^{4}+90x^{3}+270x^{2}+\frac{9720x}{24}+\frac{243}{1}$
49

Divide $243$ by $1$

$x^{5}+15x^{4}+90x^{3}+270x^{2}+\frac{9720x}{24}+243$
50

Take $\frac{9720}{24}$ out of the fraction

$x^{5}+15x^{4}+90x^{3}+270x^{2}+405x+243$

Final Answer

$x^{5}+15x^{4}+90x^{3}+270x^{2}+405x+243$

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