Try NerdPal! Our new app on iOS and Android
Calculators Topics Solving Methods Step Reviewer Go Premium
ENG • ESP
Topics

Solve the trigonometric integral $\int\frac{1}{2\sin\left(x\right)\cos\left(x\right)}dx$

Step-by-step Solution

Go!
Go!
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
a
b
c
d
f
g
m
n
u
v
w
x
y
z
.
(◻)
+
-
×
◻/◻
/
÷
◻2
◻◻
√◻
√

◻√◻
◻√
∞
e
π
ln
log
log◻
lim
d/dx
D□x
∫
∫◻
|◻|
θ
=
>
<
>=
<=
sin
cos
tan
cot
sec
csc

asin
acos
atan
acot
asec
acsc

sinh
cosh
tanh
coth
sech
csch

asinh
acosh
atanh
acoth
asech
acsch

Solution

Formulas

Videos

Final Answer

$\frac{1}{2}\ln\left(\tan\left(\frac{x}{2}\right)\right)-\frac{1}{2}\ln\left(1-\tan\left(\frac{x}{2}\right)^2\right)+C_0$
Got another answer? Verify it here!

Step-by-step Solution

Problem to solve:

$\int\frac{1}{2sin\left(x\right)cos\left(x\right)}dx$

Specify the solving method

1

We can solve the integral $\int\frac{1}{2\sin\left(x\right)\cos\left(x\right)}dx$ by applying the method Weierstrass substitution (also known as tangent half-angle substitution) which converts an integral of trigonometric functions into a rational function of $t$ by setting the substitution

$t=\tan\left(\frac{x}{2}\right)$
2

Hence

$\sin x=\frac{2t}{1+t^{2}},\:\cos x=\frac{1-t^{2}}{1+t^{2}},\:\mathrm{and}\:\:dx=\frac{2}{1+t^{2}}dt$
3

Substituting in the original integral we get

$\int\frac{1}{2\left(\frac{2t}{1+t^{2}}\right)\left(\frac{1-t^{2}}{1+t^{2}}\right)}\frac{2}{1+t^{2}}dt$

Multiplying fractions $\frac{2t}{1+t^{2}} \times \frac{1-t^{2}}{1+t^{2}}$

$\int\frac{1}{2\left(\frac{2t\left(1-t^{2}\right)}{\left(1+t^{2}\right)\left(1+t^{2}\right)}\right)}\frac{2}{1+t^{2}}dt$

When multiplying two powers that have the same base ($1+t^{2}$), you can add the exponents

$\int\frac{1}{2\left(\frac{2t\left(1-t^{2}\right)}{\left(1+t^{2}\right)^2}\right)}\frac{2}{1+t^{2}}dt$

Multiplying the fraction by $2$

$\int\frac{1}{\frac{2\cdot 2t\left(1-t^{2}\right)}{\left(1+t^{2}\right)^2}}\frac{2}{1+t^{2}}dt$

Multiply $2$ times $2$

$\int\frac{1}{\frac{4t\left(1-t^{2}\right)}{\left(1+t^{2}\right)^2}}\frac{2}{1+t^{2}}dt$

Divide fractions $\frac{1}{\frac{4t\left(1-t^{2}\right)}{\left(1+t^{2}\right)^2}}$ with Keep, Change, Flip: $a\div \frac{b}{c}=\frac{a}{1}\div\frac{b}{c}=\frac{a}{1}\times\frac{c}{b}=\frac{a\cdot c}{b}$

$\int\frac{\left(1+t^{2}\right)^2}{4t\left(1-t^{2}\right)}\frac{2}{1+t^{2}}dt$

A binomial squared (difference) is equal to the square of the first term, minus the double product of the first by the second, plus the square of the second term. In other words: $(a-b)^2=a^2-2ab+b^2$

$\int\frac{1+2t^{2}+t^{4}}{4t-4t^{3}}\frac{2}{1+t^{2}}dt$

Multiplying fractions $\frac{1+2t^{2}+t^{4}}{4t-4t^{3}} \times \frac{2}{1+t^{2}}$

$\int\frac{2\left(1+2t^{2}+t^{4}\right)}{\left(4t-4t^{3}\right)\left(1+t^{2}\right)}dt$
4

Simplifying

$\int\frac{2\left(1+2t^{2}+t^{4}\right)}{\left(4t-4t^{3}\right)\left(1+t^{2}\right)}dt$
5

Take out the constant $2$ from the integral

$2\int\frac{1+2t^{2}+t^{4}}{\left(4t-4t^{3}\right)\left(1+t^{2}\right)}dt$

The trinomial $1+2t^{2}+t^{4}$ is a perfect square trinomial, because it's discriminant is equal to zero

$\Delta=b^2-4ac=2^2-4\left(1\right)\left(1\right) = 0$

Using the perfect square trinomial formula

$a^2+2ab+b^2=(a+b)^2,\:where\:a=\sqrt{t^{4}}\:and\:b=\sqrt{1}$

Factoring the perfect square trinomial

$\frac{\left(t^{2}+1\right)^{2}}{\left(4t-4t^{3}\right)\left(1+t^{2}\right)}$

Simplify the fraction $\frac{\left(t^{2}+1\right)^{2}}{\left(4t-4t^{3}\right)\left(1+t^{2}\right)}$ by $1+t^{2}$

$\frac{1+t^{2}}{4t-4t^{3}}$

Factor the polynomial $4t-4t^{3}$ by it's GCF: $4t$

$\frac{1+t^{2}}{4t\left(1-t^2\right)}$
6

Rewrite the expression $\frac{1+2t^{2}+t^{4}}{\left(4t-4t^{3}\right)\left(1+t^{2}\right)}$ inside the integral in factored form

$2\int\frac{1+t^{2}}{4t\left(1-t^2\right)}dt$

Take the constant $\frac{1}{4}$ out of the integral

$2\left(\frac{1}{4}\right)\int\frac{1+t^{2}}{t\left(1-t^2\right)}dt$

Divide $1$ by $4$

$\frac{1}{2}\int\frac{1+t^{2}}{t\left(1-t^2\right)}dt$
7

Take the constant $\frac{1}{4}$ out of the integral

$\frac{1}{2}\int\frac{1+t^{2}}{t\left(1-t^2\right)}dt$
8

Rewrite the fraction $\frac{1+t^{2}}{t\left(1-t^2\right)}$ in $2$ simpler fractions using partial fraction decomposition

$\frac{1+t^{2}}{t\left(1-t^2\right)}=\frac{A}{t}+\frac{Bt+C}{1-t^2}$
9

Find the values for the unknown coefficients: $A, B, C$. The first step is to multiply both sides of the equation from the previous step by $t\left(1-t^2\right)$

$1+t^{2}=t\left(1-t^2\right)\left(\frac{A}{t}+\frac{Bt+C}{1-t^2}\right)$
10

Multiplying polynomials

$1+t^{2}=\frac{tA\left(1-t^2\right)}{t}+\frac{t\left(1-t^2\right)\left(Bt+C\right)}{1-t^2}$
11

Simplifying

$1+t^{2}=A\left(1-t^2\right)+t\left(Bt+C\right)$
12

Expand the polynomial

$1+t^{2}=A-At^2+t^2B+tC$
13

Assigning values to $t$ we obtain the following system of equations

$\begin{matrix}1=A&\:\:\:\:\:\:\:(t=0) \\ 2=B-C&\:\:\:\:\:\:\:(t=-1) \\ 2=B+C&\:\:\:\:\:\:\:(t=1)\end{matrix}$
14

Proceed to solve the system of linear equations

$\begin{matrix}1A & + & 0B & + & 0C & =1 \\ 0A & + & 1B & - & 1C & =2 \\ 0A & + & 1B & + & 1C & =2\end{matrix}$
15

Rewrite as a coefficient matrix

$\left(\begin{matrix}1 & 0 & 0 & 1 \\ 0 & 1 & -1 & 2 \\ 0 & 1 & 1 & 2\end{matrix}\right)$
16

Reducing the original matrix to a identity matrix using Gaussian Elimination

$\left(\begin{matrix}1 & 0 & 0 & 1 \\ 0 & 1 & 0 & 2 \\ 0 & 0 & 1 & 0\end{matrix}\right)$
17

The integral of $\frac{1+t^{2}}{t\left(1-t^2\right)}$ in decomposed fraction equals

$\frac{1}{2}\int\left(\frac{1}{t}+\frac{2t}{1-t^2}\right)dt$

Expand the integral $\int\left(\frac{1}{t}+\frac{2t}{1-t^2}\right)dt$ into $2$ integrals using the sum rule for integrals, to then solve each integral separately

$\frac{1}{2}\int\frac{1}{t}dt+\frac{1}{2}\int\frac{2t}{1-t^2}dt$

Taking the constant ($2$) out of the integral

$\frac{1}{2}\int\frac{1}{t}dt+\int\frac{t}{1-t^2}dt$
18

Simplifying

$\frac{1}{2}\int\frac{1}{t}dt+\int\frac{t}{1-t^2}dt$
19

We can solve the integral $\int\frac{t}{1-t^2}dt$ by applying integration by substitution method (also called U-Substitution). First, we must identify a section within the integral with a new variable (let's call it $u$), which when substituted makes the integral easier. We see that $1-t^2$ it's a good candidate for substitution. Let's define a variable $u$ and assign it to the choosen part

$u=1-t^2$

Differentiate both sides of the equation $u=1-t^2$

$du=\frac{d}{dt}\left(1-t^2\right)$

Find the derivative

$\frac{d}{dt}\left(1-t^2\right)$

The derivative of a sum of two or more functions is the sum of the derivatives of each function

$\frac{d}{dt}\left(1\right)+\frac{d}{dt}\left(-t^2\right)$

The derivative of the constant function ($1$) is equal to zero

$\frac{d}{dt}\left(-t^2\right)$

The derivative of a function multiplied by a constant ($-1$) is equal to the constant times the derivative of the function

$-\frac{d}{dt}\left(t^2\right)$

The power rule for differentiation states that if $n$ is a real number and $f(x) = x^n$, then $f'(x) = nx^{n-1}$

$-2t$
20

Now, in order to rewrite $dt$ in terms of $du$, we need to find the derivative of $u$. We need to calculate $du$, we can do that by deriving the equation above

$du=-2tdt$
21

Isolate $dt$ in the previous equation

$\frac{du}{-2t}=dt$

Simplify the fraction $\frac{\frac{t}{u}}{-2t}$ by $t$

$\int\frac{1}{-2u}du$

Take the constant $\frac{1}{-2}$ out of the integral

$-\frac{1}{2}\int\frac{1}{u}du$
22

Substituting $u$ and $dt$ in the integral and simplify

$\frac{1}{2}\int\frac{1}{t}dt-\frac{1}{2}\int\frac{1}{u}du$

The integral of the inverse of the lineal function is given by the following formula, $\displaystyle\int\frac{1}{x}dx=\ln(x)$

$\frac{1}{2}\ln\left(t\right)$
23

The integral $\frac{1}{2}\int\frac{1}{t}dt$ results in: $\frac{1}{2}\ln\left(t\right)$

$\frac{1}{2}\ln\left(t\right)$

The integral of the inverse of the lineal function is given by the following formula, $\displaystyle\int\frac{1}{x}dx=\ln(x)$

$-\frac{1}{2}\ln\left(u\right)$

Replace $u$ with the value that we assigned to it in the beginning: $1-t^2$

$-\frac{1}{2}\ln\left(1-t^2\right)$
24

The integral $-\frac{1}{2}\int\frac{1}{u}du$ results in: $-\frac{1}{2}\ln\left(1-t^2\right)$

$-\frac{1}{2}\ln\left(1-t^2\right)$
25

Gather the results of all integrals

$\frac{1}{2}\ln\left(t\right)-\frac{1}{2}\ln\left(1-t^2\right)$
26

Replace $t$ with the value that we assigned to it in the beginning: $\tan\left(\frac{x}{2}\right)$

$\frac{1}{2}\ln\left(\tan\left(\frac{x}{2}\right)\right)-\frac{1}{2}\ln\left(1-\tan\left(\frac{x}{2}\right)^2\right)$
27

As the integral that we are solving is an indefinite integral, when we finish integrating we must add the constant of integration $C$

$\frac{1}{2}\ln\left(\tan\left(\frac{x}{2}\right)\right)-\frac{1}{2}\ln\left(1-\tan\left(\frac{x}{2}\right)^2\right)+C_0$

Final Answer

$\frac{1}{2}\ln\left(\tan\left(\frac{x}{2}\right)\right)-\frac{1}{2}\ln\left(1-\tan\left(\frac{x}{2}\right)^2\right)+C_0$

Explore different ways to solve this problem

Solving a math problem using different methods is important because it enhances understanding, encourages critical thinking, allows for multiple solutions, and develops problem-solving strategies. Read more

Solve int(1/(2sin(x)cos(x)))dx using basic integralsSolve int(1/(2sin(x)cos(x)))dx using u-substitutionSolve int(1/(2sin(x)cos(x)))dx using integration by parts
SnapXam A2
Answer Assistant

beta
Got a different answer? Verify it!

Go!
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
a
b
c
d
f
g
m
n
u
v
w
x
y
z
.
(◻)
+
-
×
◻/◻
/
÷
◻2
◻◻
√◻
√

◻√◻
◻√
∞
e
π
ln
log
log◻
lim
d/dx
D□x
∫
∫◻
|◻|
θ
=
>
<
>=
<=
sin
cos
tan
cot
sec
csc

asin
acos
atan
acot
asec
acsc

sinh
cosh
tanh
coth
sech
csch

asinh
acosh
atanh
acoth
asech
acsch

How to improve your answer:

Similar Problems Solved

Compute the integral

$\int\ln\left(x\right)dx$

Compute the integral

$\int\cos\left(4x\right)\cdot\cos\left(6x\right)dx$

Compute the integral

$\int\sec\left(5x\right)\cdot\tan\left(5x\right)dx$

Compute the integral

$\int\sin\left(3x\right)^2\cos\left(3x\right)dx$

Compute the integral

$\int\csc\left(x\right)dx$

Compute the integral

$\int\ln\left(x+1\right)dx$

Compute the integral

$\int\sin\left(4x\right)\cdot\cos\left(2x\right)dx$
$\int\frac{1}{2sin\left(x\right)cos\left(x\right)}dx$

Main topic:

Trigonometric Integrals

Used formulas:

2. See formulas

Time to solve it:

~ 0.44 s

Related topics:

Trigonometric IntegralsIntegral CalculusCalculusBinomial TheoremSpecial ProductsPolynomialsWeierstrass SubstitutionIntegration TechniquesIntegrals of Rational Functions of Sine and CosineIntegrals by Partial Fraction ExpansionMatricesGaussian EliminationIntegration by Substitution

Supercharge your math learning

By signing up, you agree to SnapXam's Terms and Privacy Policy.

Already have an account? Login here
Forgot password?

Supercharge your math learning



Register here if you don't have an account.
Forgot password?